Acoso escolar, ciberacoso y las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación / Bullying, Cyberbullying and the New Information and Communication Technologies

Introducción: El acoso escolar o bullying es uno de los grandes riesgos para la salud psicológica de niños y adolescentes. Es una situación de violencia constante, física o psicológica, llevada a cabo por un escolar o un grupo de escolares contra otro alumno que no puede defenderse. El ciberacoso o ciberbullying constituye una forma de agresión intencional y repetida que genera abusos de poder a través de las nuevas tecnologías, como el correo electrónico, los chats, los móviles o las redes sociales, entre otros. Objetivo: Profundizar en los aspectos del acoso escolar, el ciberbullyng y las nuevas tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones. Métodos: Para efectuar esta revisión y ofrecer a los lectores una actualización sobre el tema en cuestión, se consultaron las bases de datos incluidas en los servicios LILACS, EBSCO e HINARI y se alcanzó muy buena cobertura, tanto en Cuba, Latinoamérica y el Caribe, como en el resto del mundo. También se visitaron sitios Web en Internet de obligada consulta por su prestigio y liderazgo sobre el tema. Conclusiones: Se establece una vez más la importancia de la familia en el fenómeno del acoso en general y la importancia que tiene una buena funcionalidad familiar en este aspecto, así que cualquier intervención que se haga para prevenir el fenómeno de acoso debe tener en cuenta fundamentalmente la familia. Consideramos que es necesario fomentar esta línea de investigación para conocer el comportamiento de este fenómeno en nuestro país y comparar la legislación educativa relacionada con los fenómenos de acoso escolar y ciberacoso(AU)

Introduction: Bullying is one of the greatest risks for the psychological health of children and adolescents. It is a situation of constant violence, physical or psychological, carried out by a schoolchild or a group of schoolchildren against another student who cannot defend himself or herself. Cyberbullying constitutes a form of intentional and repeated aggression that generates abuse of power through new technologies, such as email, chats, mobile phones or social networks, among others. Objective: To delve into the aspects of bullying, cyberbullying and new information and communication technologies. Methods: To carry out this review and to offer readers an update on the subject of interest, we consulted the databases included in the LILACS, EBSCO and HINARI services and very good coverage was achieved, in Cuba, Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as in the rest of the world. We also visited internet websites of obligatory consultation for their prestige and leadership on the subject. Conclusions: We highlight, once again, the importance of the family in facing the phenomenon of bullying in general and the importance of good family functionality in this respect, so any intervention that is made to prevent the phenomenon of bullying must fundamentally take the family into account. We consider that it is necessary to promote this line of research to understand the behavior of this phenomenon in our country and to compare the educational legislation related to the phenomena of bullying and cyberbullying(AU)

Métodos y sustancias empleados en la conducta suicida en adolescentes / Methods and substances involved in teen suicide

Introducción: Actualmente, el suicidio es un problema de salud que constituye la tercera causa de muerte a nivel mundial en los adolescentes entre 11 y 18 años, y en Cuba es la cuarta causa de muerte en las edades de 10 a 19 años. Los métodos empleados para cometer el intento de suicidio y el suicidio están en dependencia de su disponibilidad, el acceso que la persona tenga a un método particular, el antecedente familiar que tenga del uso de uno u otros métodos, entre otros. Objetivo: Identificar el método utilizado para cometer el intento de suicidio y el suicidio en adolescentes. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, que forma parte de varias tareas incluidas en el Proyecto de investigación Estrategia de prevención de la conducta suicida en adolescentes de provincias seleccionadas, que duró 10 años. Resultados: Los métodos empleados fueron consumo de psicofármacos y los tóxicos para los intento de suicidio y en los casos de suicidios, fueron, prioritariamente, ahorcamiento e incineración. Las sustancias mayormente empleadas fueron: herbicidas y lociones de uso externo para la piel. Conclusiones: Los métodos empleados que predominaron para los intentos de suicidio fueron los psicofármacos y tóxicos, y el ahorcamiento e incineración para el suicidio, lo que pudiera estar en correspondencia con la disponibilidad de los mismos(AU)

Introduction: Suicide is a current health problem constituting the third leading cause of death worldwide among 11-18-year-old teenagers. In Cuba it is the fourth leading cause of death in the 10-19 years age group. The methods used to commit a suicide attempt or suicide depend on their availability, the person's access to a given method, and family antecedents of the use of one method or another, among others. Objective: Identify the methods used by teenagers to commit attempted or actual suicide. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted as part of the various tasks included in the research project Strategy to prevent suicidal behavior among teenagers from selected provinces, which was developed for ten years. Results: The methods used in suicide attempts were the intake of psycholeptics and toxic substances, whereas the methods used for actual suicide were mainly hanging and burning. The most common substances were herbicides and topical skin lotions. Conclusions: The methods most frequently used were the intake of psycholeptics and toxic substances for suicide attempts and hanging and burning for suicide. This could be associated to the availability of resources required to commit the act(AU)

Violencia en niños, niñas y adolescentes / Violence in children and adolescents

Introducción: en la actualidad la violencia es un fenómeno poco explorado en nuestro país y constituye un problema de repercusión a la salud en general y en particular en los niños, niñas y adolescentes. La muerte por agresiones o muertes violetas ocupa en la actualidad la tercera causa de muerte en adolescentes de 10 a 19 años. Se considera que una mínima parte de la violencia que reciben estos grupos poblacionales es la que se denuncia, se documenta o es conocida oficialmente. Objetivo: profundizar en el conocimiento de la violencia, sus diversas manifestaciones y aspectos para su prevención. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica donde se consultaron las bases de datos incluidas en los servicios LILACS, EBSCO e HINARI, y se alcanzó muy buena cobertura, tanto en Cuba, en Latinoamérica y el Caribe, como en el resto del mundo. Conclusiones: se pone en manos de todo el personal vinculado al trabajo con niños, niñas y adolescentes este artículo de revisión sobre violencia en estos grupos poblacionales que incluyen sus manifestaciones, formas de presentación y su prevención. Para el médico de la familia en particular por ser un personal estrechamente vinculado a la comunidad, permitiéndoles estar en mejores condiciones de detectar estos comportamientos contribuyendo así a ejercer y emprender acciones de prevención que nos permitirán alcanzar los objetivos por nuestro Ministerio de Salud Pública en relación con este indicador(AU)

Introduction: at present, violence is a phenomenon little explored in our country and it constitutes a problem of repercussion to health in general and in particular in children and adolescents. Death by aggressions or violet deaths currently occupies the third cause of death in adolescents from 10 to 19 years. It is considered that a minimum part of the violence that these population groups receive is that which is reported, documented or officially known. Objective: to deepen the knowledge of violence, its diverse manifestations and aspects for its prevention. Methods: a bibliographic review was made where the databases included in the LILACS, EBSCO and HINARI services were consulted, and very good coverage was achieved, both in Cuba, in Latin America and the Caribbean, and in the rest of the world. Conclusions: this review article on violence in these population groups is included in the hands of all personnel involved in working with children and adolescents, including their manifestations, presentation forms and their prevention. For the family doctor in particular for being a staff closely linked to the community, allowing them to be in a better position to detect these behaviors thus contributing to exercise and take preventive actions that will allow us to achieve the objectives of our Ministry of Public Health in relation to with this indicator(AU)

Attempted and Completed Suicide in Cuban Adolescents, 2011-2014.

INTRODUCTION: Recent decades have seen an uptick in suicide attempts and completed suicides among adolescents and young adults worldwide. In the Americas, including Cuba, suicide is the third leading cause of death in adolescents (ages 10-19 years). OBJECTIVE: Characterize the epidemiology of attempted and completed suicide in Cuban adolescents from 2011 through 2014. METHODS: A descriptive epidemiological study was carried out. The information was gathered from morbidity records for suicide attempts and mortality records for suicide deaths in adolescents, taken from the Cuban Ministry of Public Health's Medical Records and Health Statistics Division database for January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2014. Variables were sex, age, occupation or employment status, and suicide method. Suicide attempt incidence rates and suicide mortality rates by age group per 100,000 population (crude, adjusted and age/sex specific), mortality sex ratio and attempt/suicide ratio were calculated. Relative change was calculated as a percentage, as were frequencies by variable for attempted suicide and suicide, and by age and sex for method used. RESULTS: A total of 19,541 suicide attempts and 149 suicides were reported. Average annual numbers were 4,885.2 suicide attempts and 37.2 suicides (131:1 ratio). There were 3,966 suicide attempts among boys, for a sex ratio of 0.25:1. Age-adjusted suicide attempt rates decreased from 391.8 per 100,000 population to 304.5 (22.3% reduction over the study period). Boys accounted for 107 of 149 suicide deaths, for a sex ratio of 2.5:1. Age-adjusted suicide mortality rates decreased from 2.8 to 2.3 per 100,000 population (17.9% reduction). The group aged 15-19 years had the highest age-adjusted suicide rate (3.9 per 100,000 population) and contributed the most deaths (114/149, 76.5%), although it did experience a 31.8% reduction over the study period. The group aged 10-14 years recorded a relative increase of 60% over the study period. Hanging was the most common suicide method (116/149, 77.9%). The suicide rate in Cuban adolescents (2.6 per 100,000 population, 3.7 in boys and 1.5 in girls) is less than that reported by the Region of the Americas between 2005 and 2009, 3.7 per 100,000 population (5/100,000 in boys and 2.3/100,000 in girls). CONCLUSIONS: Suicide rates in Cuban adolescents are lower than reported elsewhere in the Americas. Suicide attempts and suicide rates decreased modestly between 2011 and 2014. Hanging is the most commonly used method. The highest rates occur in the group aged 15-19 years, but those aged 10-14 years showed a relative increase over the study period. These results update the epidemiology of suicide in Cuban adolescents and demonstrate the extent of the problem. Suicides and suicide attempts show opposite patterns in boys and girls; suicides are more frequent among boys while suicide attempts are more frequent among girls. CONTRIBUTION OF THIS RESEARCH: These results update the epidemiology of suicide in Cuban adolescents and reveal the extent of the problem for one of the main preventable causes of death in this age group.

Maternidad temprana: repercusión en la salud familiar y en la sociedad / Early Pregnancy: Impact on Family Health and Society

Introducción: el embarazo en la adolescencia se considera en la actualidad una preocupación para el Sistema Nacional de Salud, afectando en gran medida a la familia como célula fundamental de la sociedad, así como a la salud propiamente dicha. Este fenómeno se manifiesta a nivel global y Cuba no está exenta. Se considera la maternidad temprana un problema culturalmente complejo que actúa desfavorablemente sobre la salud reproductiva de las adolescentes y la familiar, propiciando una disfuncionalidad en la misma, y en la dirección del desarrollo de un país, al afectar los índices de mortalidad materna y del recién nacido. Objetivo: profundizar en el embarazo de la adolescencia y de su inseparable unión entre la familia y la sociedad. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica donde se consultaron las bases de datos incluidas en los servicios LILACS, EBSCO e HINARI, y se alcanzó muy buena cobertura, tanto en Cuba como en Latinoamérica, el Caribe y en el resto del mundo. Conclusiones: el embarazo en la adolescencia representa un impacto negativo sobre la condición física, emocional y económica de los adolescentes, que a su vez involucra a la familia y a la sociedad y constituye un problema social y médico(AU)

Introduction: Teenage pregnancy is considered today a concern for the National Health System, greatly affecting the family as the fundamental unit of society, and health itself. This is a global phenomenon and Cuba is not exempt. Early motherhood is considered a culturally complex problem that acts unfavorably on the reproductive health of adolescents and family, prompting a dysfunction, and the direction of development of a country, by affecting the rates of maternal and newborn mortality. Objective: Deepen on teenage pregnancy and inseparable union between family and society. Methods: A literature review was conducted to consult LILACS, EBSCO, and HINARI databases reaching a very good coverage, both in Cuba, Latin America, the Caribbean and elsewhere. Conclusion: pregnancy in adolescence represents a negative impact on the physical, emotional and economic status of adolescents, involving in turn family and society and it constitutes a social and health problem(AU)